Reference_CVD

Reference List

Intima-media Thickness

Nezu, T., Hosomi, N., Aoki, S., & Matsumoto, M. (2016). Carotid Intima-Media Thickness for Atherosclerosis. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 23(1), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.31989
Lo, Wai & Lau, James Sk & Mok, Ka Leung. (2021). Variation of carotid intima media thickness with anthropometric measures in healthy adults of Hong Kong Chinese population. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research. 12. 826-839. 10.31838/jcdr.2021.12.03.110.

Lung Function

Ramalho, S. H. R., & Shah, A. M. (2021). Lung function and cardiovascular disease: A link. Trends in cardiovascular medicine, 31(2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2019.12.009
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, Spirometry Guide: https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/GOLD_Spirometry_2010.pdf

Liver Fat

Ismaiel, A., & Dumitraşcu, D. L. (2019). Cardiovascular Risk in Fatty Liver Disease: The Liver-Heart Axis-Literature Review. Frontiers in medicine, 6, 202. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00202
Karlas, T., Petroff, D., Sasso, M., Fan, J. G., Mi, Y. Q., de Lédinghen, V., Kumar, M., Lupsor-Platon, M., Han, K. H., Cardoso, A. C., Ferraioli, G., Chan, W. K., Wong, V. W., Myers, R. P., Chayama, K., Friedrich-Rust, M., Beaugrand, M., Shen, F., Hiriart, J. B., Sarin, S. K., … Wiegand, J. (2017). Individual patient data meta-analysis of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) technology for assessing steatosis. Journal of hepatology, 66(5), 1022–1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.12.022

Kidney Function

Deferrari, G., Cipriani, A., & La Porta, E. (2021). Renal dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases and its consequences. Journal of nephrology, 34(1), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00842-w
Hong Kong Kidney Foundation, Do you have a kidney problem-You need to know!: https://hkkf.org.hk/testing/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/KT_E1.2_Kidney-Disease-and-you.pdf

Heart Rate

Blood Pressure

Fuchs, F. D., & Whelton, P. K. (2020). High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 75(2), 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240
Adventist Hospital, Is Hypotension a Good or Bad Thing?: https://www.hkah.org.hk/tc/conditions-and-treatments/is-hypotension-a-good-or-bad-thing
Centre for Health Protection, Hypertension: https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/25/35390.html
MayoClinic, Pulse pressure: An indicator of heart health?: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/pulse-pressure/faq-20058189
StatPearls, Physiology, Mean Arterial Pressure: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538226/

Pulse Wave Velocity

Kim, H. L., & Kim, S. H. (2019). Pulse Wave Velocity in Atherosclerosis. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 6, 41. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2019.00041
Salvi, P., Valbusa, F., Kearney-Schwartz, A., Labat, C., Grillo, A., Parati, G., & Benetos, A. (2022). Non-Invasive Assessment of Arterial Stiffness: Pulse Wave Velocity, Pulse Wave Analysis and Carotid Cross-Sectional Distensibility: Comparison between Methods. Journal of clinical medicine, 11(8), 2225. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11082225

Urine Albumin

Barzilay, J. I., Farag, Y. M. K., & Durthaler, J. (2024). Albuminuria: An Underappreciated Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of the American Heart Association, 13(2), e030131. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.123.030131
Hong Kong Medical Association CME Bulletin, Proteinuria tests as useful tools in clinical practice: https://www.dialysis.com.hk/wp-content/uploads/proteinuria-as-a-clinical-tool.pdf

BMI